5^th International Conference on
Nephrology & Urology

A Paediatric nephrologist is qualified to treat your child if they have kidney or urinary tract disease, bladder problems, kidney stones, or high blood pressure. Paediatric nephrologists see patients from infancy through late puberty, and in some centres, even into their early twenties.

·         Paediatric Renal Failure

·         Paediatric Renal Nutrition

·         Paediatric Renal Transplantation

·         Kidney Care in Children

·         Paediatric Kidney Dialysis

·         Paediatric Kidney Stones

·         Paediatric Nephritis

·         Advances in Paediatric Kidney Operation

·         Paediatric Chronic Haemodialysis

·         Paediatric Urology

Paediatric urology is a surgical subspecialty that focuses primarily on the treatment of children's genital and urinary issues, with an emphasis on developmental issues that affect the kidneys, bladder, urethra, or genital tract.

·         Bedwetting

·         Urinary Incontinence

Hypospadias Epispadias

The diagnosis and treatment of renal disorders, such as primary and secondary hypertension, electrolyte imbalance, and those who require renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis and renal transplant patients, are covered under Clinical Nephrology.

The kidney is susceptible to a wide range of conditions that do not necessarily involve the organ itself and may necessitate extensive treatment. Examples include acquired conditions like systematic vasculitis’s and immune system diseases like lupus as well as innate or inherited conditions like polycystic kidney diseases. After a urinalysis, patients are referred to clinical nephrology specialists for a variety of conditions, including acute kidney failure, proteinuria, hematuria, chronic kidney disease, kidney stones, hypertension, and acid-base or electrolyte imbalances.

The body's tiny veins are affected by diabetes. When the kidneys' veins are damaged, your kidneys are unable to properly cleanse your blood. Your body will retain more salt and water than it should, resulting in weight gain and swelling of the ankles. Urine protein content Furthermore, waste materials will accumulate in blood. Diabetes moreover hurt nerves in body. This can create problems in discharging the bladder. The weight that builds up as a result of a full bladder can cause damage to the kidneys. Additionally, the rapid growth of microscopic organisms in high-sugar urine can lead to the development of a disease if urine remains in the bladder for an extended period of time.

Kidney failure eventually affects between 10 and 40% of people with Type 2 diabetes and 30% of those with Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile onset diabetes.

There is a strong connection between the regenerative and urinary tracts, and obstructions in one often have an effect on the other. As a result, the field of genitourinary issues encompasses a wide range of urological conditions. The practice of urology encompasses both preventative and curative conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and urinary tract infections, that do not require surgery. Models: tumours of the bladder or prostate, kidney stones, diseases of the kidney, damage to the kidney, and stress incontinence.

·  Clinical Urology

·  Uremia

·  Reconstructive Urology

·  Urethral Cancer

·  Paediatric Urology & Female Urology

·  Bladder Cancer

Paediatric urology is a surgical subspecialty that focuses primarily on the treatment of children's genital and urinary issues, with an emphasis on developmental issues that affect the kidneys, bladder, urethra, or genital tract.

• Bedwetting
• Urinary Incontinence
• Hypospadias Epispadias

Kidneys are indispensable to having a sound body. They essentially purify the blood by sieving out waste products, excess water, and other impurities. Other health issues, such as weak bones, nerve damage, and malnutrition, can result from kidney disease. Your kidneys may cease to function completely if the condition worsens over time. Nephrons are the target of most kidney diseases.

The majority of kidney diseases cannot be treated with a single diagnosis. It is impossible to control certain kidney disease risk factors, including age, gender, ethnicity, and family history. However, you can take steps to help prevent kidney disease.

·   Acute Kidney Failure/Acute Kidney Injury

·   Acute Tubular Necrosis

The transplantation of a kidney into a patient who suffers from end-organ kidney disease is referred to as kidney transplantation or renal transplantation. Depending on the source of the donor organ, kidney transplantation is also known as cadaveric or living donor transplantation. Depending on whether the kidney donor and recipient have a biological relationship, living donor kidney transplants were previously classified as non-related living transplants or living associated transplants. Trades and chains are an inventive method for managing sustains the living giver pool.

· Kidney Transplantation recipients

· Living donors of kidney

· Renal replacement therapy

·  Kidney paired donation

Blood is artificially filtered through dialysis. It is used when a person's kidneys are failing or about to fail. Until a donor kidney is found, many people with late-stage kidney disease must endure dialysis.

There are two sorts of dialysis: Peritoneal and haemodialysis treatments.

Haemodialysis

In haemodialysis, fluid and waste products are removed from the blood by pumping it through a special machine. The haemodialysis procedure can be carried out at home. The majority of people attend three sessions per week, each lasting three to five hours. Notwithstanding, haemodialysis should likewise be possible in dainty, more normal meetings.

Itching, muscle cramping, and low blood pressure are all common haemodialysis side effects.

Peritoneal Dialysis

In peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneum takes the place of the kidneys. Dialysate, a fluid, is injected into the abdomen through an embedded tube. The blood flowing into the dialysate from the peritoneum contains waste products. After that, the abdomen is drained of the dialysate.

Peritoneal dialysis can be performed in one of two ways: Continuous cycler-assisted peritoneal dialysis, which uses a mechanism to cycle the fluid in and out of the abdomen at night while the person is sleeping, and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, in which the abdomen is filled and drained several times during the day.

Contagions in the abdominal cavity or the area where the tube was embedded are the most common peritoneal dialysis side effects. Hernias and weight gain are two examples of supplementary side effects.

The kidneys' ability to function properly may be compromised by impaired kidney blood vessels caused by high blood pressure. Blood vessels contract to facilitate easier blood flow when the force of the blood stream is high. All over the body, including the kidneys, this elongating scar eventually weakens blood vessels and makes them longer.

The kidneys may stop eliminating wastes and excess fluid from the body if their blood vessels become damaged. A precarious cycle may be established as a result of additional fluid in the blood vessels raising blood pressure even further. One of the primary factors that contributes to diabetic kidney disease and kidney failure is high blood pressure, or hypertension. When blood pressure is high, the blood vessels are put under a lot of stress, which makes things worse. A complete blockage of these vessels may result in a heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure. Blood vessels can also be damaged by high cholesterol and blood sugar.

Nephrology nursing involves diagnosing and assessing patients' and families' health requirements. Patients who are suffering from acute or chronic kidney disease and are in need of care throughout their entire lives Consequently, nephrology nurses must be highly skilled, motivated, and educated.

·  Haemodialysis/peritoneal dialysis nurse

·  Staff nurse, hospital or outpatient settings

·  Transplant coordinator

·  Nurse manager

Small stones may not have any negative effects, but larger stones can cause severe pain in the back area between the ribs and hips. Stones are typically examined with an imaging test and urine analysis. By altering one's eating habits or increasing one's intake of liquids, one may be able to stop the formation of stones in some instances. Using lithotripsy or an endoscopic procedure, stones that do not dissolve on their own can be removed. Urinary parcel stones begin to approach in a kidney and may expand in the ureter or the bladder. A stone may be referred to as a kidney stone, ureteral stone, or bladder stone, depending on its location. Urolithiasis, renal lithiasis, or nephrolithiasis are all terms for the process by which stones form in the kidney

An extensive procedure called a nephrectomy is used to remove all or part of your kidney. The abdomen has two tiny, bean-shaped organs called kidneys. They remove impurities and water from your blood. A few hormones are also produced by them.

1. Radical Nephrectomy: This procedure involves the complete removal of the kidney, the surrounding fat, and the adrenal gland located on top of the kidney. 
2. Partial Nephrectomy: Also known as a nephron-sparing or kidney-sparing surgery, this procedure involves the removal of only the diseased or damaged portion of the kidney, leaving the healthy portion intact. 

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Prostate specific antigen also referred as kallikrein 3 or gamma-Seminoprotein. PSA is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by KLK3 gene. Prostate specific antigen a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family. It is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate.

Track 18-1.Prostate cancer

Track 18-2.Prostate cancer screening test

Track 18-3.Elevated PSA level

Track 18-4.Prostate Specific Antigen Test

A cystoscopy is a procedure that lets the doctor look at the bladder and urethra for problems. The doctor may also take samples and treat problems. The doctor uses a type of endoscope (called a cystoscope) with a camera on the end. The cystoscope can be straight and stiff (called a rigid cystoscope) or it can bend (called a flexible cystoscope). Doctors most often use a flexible cystoscope.

A ureteroscopy uses a flexible endoscope (called a ureteroscope) to examine the ureters and renal pelvis in the kidney as well as the prostate in men. A ureteroscope is smaller and thinner than a cystoscope.

The kidneys' capacity to deal with certain substances in the bloodstream is impaired by glomerular disease. In most cases, the kidneys should keep red blood cells and protein in the bloodstream while filtering toxins out of the bloodstream and releasing them in the urine. Red blood cells and protein may be excreted in the urine of people with glomerular disease, while toxins may be retained.

A fundamental medical condition that disrupts other organ systems, such as diabetes, lupus nephritis, or certain infections, may be associated with glomerular disease. It is possible for glomerular disease to improve quickly or gradually over years. The type and cause of glomerular disease determine how it is treated.

The diet that is recommended for people with chronic renal failure and aims to regulate protein, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, and fluid intake is known as renal nutrition.

Because dialysis patients' kidneys are unable to handle excess fluid and other metabolic wastes, it is essential that the foods they consume contain sufficient nutrients. Dialysis patients frequently consume insufficient quantities of essential micronutrients, fluids, and macronutrients. There is evidence that the accumulation of toxins that can accompany renal failure can also suppress appetite. As a consequence of this, dialysis patients frequently consume less food.

Chronic kidney disease is a chronic condition that never goes away. Usually, high blood pressure is to blame. It's possible that you won't show any signs or symptoms at first when you have chronic kidney disease. It's possible that you won't notice you have chronic kidney disease until your kidney function has significantly decreased.

Most of the time, chronic kidney disease gets worse slowly, and symptoms may not show up until the kidneys are severely damaged. If you are close to kidney failure in the late stages of CKD, you may experience symptoms brought on by an accumulation of waste and fluid in your body.

Urinary traction infections (UTIs) are a relatively common type of infection in the urinary system. This kind of illness could infect your bladder or urethra. Urine typically does not contain any bacteria (germs). A result of our kidneys' separating capability is pee. The kidneys remove waste and excess water from your bloodstream, resulting in the production of urine. Your urinary system typically filters out contaminated urine. However, germs that come from outside the body have the potential to enter the urinary system and cause problems like inflammation and infection.

·   Birth control

Nephrologists are doctors who focus on problems with the kidney. Millions of people worldwide undergo treatment for kidney injury or chronic kidney disease (CKD) each year. Kidney disease can result from other health conditions like diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Even if you never had either of these conditions before, it can still lead to the development of high blood pressure and heart disease. Anaemia, osteoporosis, a weakened immune system, and an irregular heartbeat are all potential health complications of chronic kidney disease.

This correlation demonstrates how crucial it is to have healthy kidneys and to schedule an appointment with a nephrologist who can treat and manage any kidney issues.

·  Nephrolithotripsy

·  Extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

·  Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Blockers)

·  Diuretics

·   Vasodilator Drugs

Hematuria is the clinical term for the presence of blood or red platelets in pee. Urinary tract infections, cancer of the kidney or bladder, inflammation of the prostate or kidney, and polycystic kidney disease can all cause haematuria. The two types of hematuria are: extensive and microscopic hematuria. When the urine appears red or the color of tea or cola to the naked eye, this condition is referred to as visible hematuria, which is also known as gross hematuria.

Certain diseases are known to cause glomerulonephritis and damage the kidneys. Certain antibodies attack the kidneys and lungs, destroy kidney function and gradually lead to kidney failure. Autoimmune disease means that the human immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy healthy organs, causing them to fail. For example, when autoantibodies are formed or deposited in the glomerulus, lupus nephritis occurs. Children with autoimmune kidney disease are usually sick and require intensive treatment for 3 to 6 months.

 When a person's kidneys release a large amount of tasteless, diluted kidneys, the person can be diagnosed with diabetes insipidus.

Patients with renal failure may benefit from renal substitution therapy, which has the potential to save their lives. As a result of diet and daily culture, renal disappointment becomes more prevalent in later life, prompting researchers to develop additional treatments. In patients with renal failure, it takes the place of non-endocrine kidney treatment.

The endocrine deviations from the usual renal disappointment are not remedied by RRT. The essential need for fundamental sign vascular access, hemodynamic stability, accessibility, neighbourhood ability, and persistent inclination and capability are just a few of the variables that influence the choice of strategy.

When a person has a severe drop in glomerular filtration rate and has or is at risk of developing a clinically significant solute imbalance/toxicity or volume over-burden, they are diagnosed with Intense Renal Disappointment and require renal substitution therapy (RRT).

Kidney transplantation is an activity where a strong kidney from a residing individual or from a departed giver is relocated into an individual whose kidney can never again work appropriately.

Below the ribs, on either side of the spine, are the two kidneys, which are bean-shaped organs. They are each the same size as a closed hand. By producing urine, its primary function is to direct and eliminate wastes, minerals, and fluids from the blood.

When your kidneys lose this ability to filter, there will be more waste and fluid in your body, which will raise your circulating pressure and lead to kidney failure (kidney disease). When the kidneys lose about 90% of their normal capacity, this condition is called visceral nephropathy.

The most common disease of the specialty is type 1 diabetes, which usually accounts for at least 50% of a typical clinical practice. The next most common problem is growth disorders, especially those amenable to growth hormone treatment.

Pediatric endocrinologists are usually the primary physicians involved in the medical care of infants and children with intersex disorders.The specialty also deals with hypoglycemia and other forms of hyperglycemia in childhood, variations of puberty, as well other adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary problems.

Many pediatric endocrinologists have interests and expertise in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism, adolescent gynecology, or inborn errors of metabolism Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. 

Erectile dysfunction can be a sign of a physical or psychological condition. It can cause stress, relationship strain and low self-confidence.

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is a form of sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain a penile erection during sexual activity.

It Causes include renal failure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological problems such as prostatectomy, hypogonadism, and side effects of the drug.

Track 10-1. Penile nerve’s function

Track 10-2. Penile biothesiometry

Track 10-3. Pharmacological therapy with a PDE5 inhibitor

Track 10-4. Reflex erection and psychogenic erection

Track 10-5. Diagnosis of hypogonadism

Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is treated by finding and treating the root cause, if possible, and reducing protein in the urine, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or both through diet, medication, or both. If the essential cause is found and treated, nephrotic syndrome may disappear. However, kidney disease frequently constitutes the underlying cause and cannot be treated. The patient will either require dialysis or a kidney transplant if kidney failure occurs.

A condition characterized by extremely high protein levels in the urine is called nephrotic syndrome. swelling, especially around the eyes, feet, and hands, low blood protein levels; and elevated cholesterol Nephrotic syndrome is a set of symptoms rather than a disease.

Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome

Congenital nephrotic syndrome is defined as the appearance of proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema in the nephrotic range, starting in the first 3 months of life. It is usually secondary to genetic mutations in the components of the glomerular filtration barrier, but infectious causes must be ruled out. Genetic analysis revealed that there is a homozygous single base pair duplication in exon 20 of the NPHS1 gene (chr19: 36332624dupG; depth: 216x), resulting in a shift in reading frame and premature truncation of 6 amino acids in the protein.

The inner wall of the proximal convoluted tubule, which is a portion of the very small tube in the kidney that carries primary urine, is the source of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a type of kidney cancer. Adult renal cell carcinoma is the most prevalent kind of cancer. The kidneys' tiny tubes that transport urine are impacted by this. the process of preparing such extracts. Tumor hormones and the body's attack on tumour cells both contribute to CRC. There are usually four stages in RCC.

It accounts for between 90 and 95 percent of kidney tumours and about 3 percent of adult malignant tumours. Research has confirmed that the multilocular cystic is a rare tumour that affects both young children and adults. Renal marrow carcinoma is a rare, deadly, and difficult to treat tumour that is also aggressive.

Goutulonephritis and kidney damage is known to be brought on by a number of conditions. Some antibodies target the lungs and kidneys, destroying kidney function and eventually causing kidney failure. Immune system illness implies that the human resistant framework produces antibodies that assault and obliterate sound organs, making them fall flat. For instance, when autoantibodies are shaped or kept in the glomerulus, lupus nephritis happens. Most of the time, children with autoimmune kidney disease are sick and need a lot of treatment for three to six months.

At the point when an individual's kidneys discharge a lot of boring, weakened kidneys, the individual can be determined to have diabetes insipidus.

Cardiovascular disease death increases with chronic kidney disease. More than half of the deaths of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are caused by coronary disease. Indeed, even a mild or early renal disorder can increase a man's risk of heart disease-related death and heart attacks. Patients on kidney dialysis who also have cardiovascular disease die 10 to 30 times more frequently than patients with cardiovascular disease in general. Major risk factors for heart disease and chronic kidney disease are diabetes and hypertension. Even when diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension are present concurrently, kidney disease (acute kidney disease or chronic kidney disease) can raise the risk of cardiovascular disease. Even before kidney disease progresses to the point where dialysis or transplantation are required, recent research demonstrates that renal diseases (also known as kidney diseases) cause heart disease.

·  Effects of Cardiovascular Diseases on The Kidney

·  Effects of The Kidney on The Cardiovascular System

·  Modification of Cardiac Drugs in Renal Disease

·  Diseases Affecting both Organs

·  Kidney and Vascular Diseases

·  Artificial Kidney

Acute kidney injury is sudden kidney failure or kidney damage that occurs within a few days or weeks. AKI can cause waste products to build up in the blood and make it difficult for the kidneys to maintain the correct balance of fluids in the body. Most cases of AKI are caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys and usually occur in people who already have other conditions.

The most common cause is the combination of dehydration and sepsis with nephrotoxic drugs, especially after surgery or contrast agents. The causes of acute kidney injury are generally divided into pre-kidney, endogenous, and post-kidney injury. A lot of progress has been made in the phenotypic analysis of AKI.

Urological Oncology

Tumour cells developed in the kidney, prostate, bladder, testicles of men and women are termed as urological cancer. The study and treatment of such cancers are termed as urologic oncology.

Track 15-1. Renal cancer

Track 15-2. Urothelial Carcinoma

Track 15-3. Urinary Tract Infections

Track 15-4. Urogynaecology

Track 15-5. Reconstructive Urology

The study of molecular cell biology enables scientists to understand how cell programs and reactions function normally as well as the relationships between those processes and gene expression. It may also reveal the reasons for dysfunction in those programs, which can cause disease. If scientists can uncover why a disease occurs, they might figure out how to reverse it or prevent it.

This is the role of molecular medicine, which uses the information gleaned through molecular cell biology to create new treatment options, including pharmaceuticals. Molecular medicine is closely related to personalized medicine. This medical specialty probes the patient’s genome to uncover diseases for which the patient is at risk. Then, the health care provider can target interventions to help the patient avoid or overcome those diseases.